Can caffeine be used as an effective pesticide?

Yes, caffeine can be used as an effective pesticide due to its natural insecticidal properties. Studies have shown that it can be toxic to certain pests, including ants and cockroaches, disrupting their nervous systems and leading to mortality. Additionally, caffeine can deter herbivorous insects from feeding on plants, making it a potential eco-friendly alternative to synthetic pesticides. However, its efficacy and safety for broader agricultural use still require further research.