What are the similarities and differences between the old and new Jim cow?

The old Jim Crow laws, enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, enforced racial segregation and disenfranchised African Americans through legal means, such as literacy tests and poll taxes. The new Jim Crow, as described by Michelle Alexander, refers to modern systemic racism that perpetuates racial discrimination primarily through mass incarceration and the criminal justice system. Both systems aim to maintain racial hierarchy and inequality, but while the old Jim Crow was explicitly codified in law, the new Jim Crow operates through societal structures and policies that disproportionately affect people of color, often without overtly racist legislation.