Why are civil wars so difficult to end?

Civil wars are often difficult to end due to deep-rooted ethnic, political, or ideological divisions that fuel ongoing conflict and mistrust among factions. The presence of external actors can further complicate the situation, as outside support for various groups can prolong hostilities. Additionally, the lack of a clear, unified goal among combatants and the potential for power vacuums create challenges in negotiating a lasting peace. Finally, societal trauma and grievances can make reconciliation and rebuilding efforts slow and contentious.