How did civilization grow and develop more complex before 600 BCE?

Before 600 BCE, civilization grew and developed more complex through the establishment of agriculture, which allowed for surplus food production and the rise of permanent settlements. This led to population growth and the formation of social hierarchies and specialized labor. The development of trade networks facilitated cultural exchanges and technological innovations, while the emergence of writing systems enabled record-keeping and governance, further enhancing social organization and complexity. These factors collectively contributed to the rise of early civilizations in regions such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley.