How would you differentiate backward integration from forward integration?

Backward integration involves a company acquiring or merging with its suppliers to gain control over its supply chain and reduce costs, while forward integration entails a company taking over its distribution channels or retailers to enhance market reach and customer access. In essence, backward integration focuses on upstream operations, securing raw materials, whereas forward integration emphasizes downstream operations, directly connecting with consumers. Both strategies aim to increase efficiency and competitive advantage but target different stages of the production and distribution process.