How and why did oliver cromwell republican commonwealth in the 3 countries?

Oliver Cromwell's republican Commonwealth emerged in the mid-17th century following the English Civil War, which led to the execution of King Charles I in 1649. Cromwell, a key military leader for the Parliamentarians, sought to establish a government based on Puritan values and to reduce the influence of monarchy and traditional aristocracy. His rule extended to Scotland and Ireland, where he aimed to enforce Protestantism and suppress royalist sentiments, often through military force. The Commonwealth ultimately sought to create a more equitable society, but Cromwell's authoritarian approach led to mixed responses and resistance in the regions he governed.