How does a phone work?

The telephone uses a combination of acoustics and electricity. When you speak into the mouthpiece, the acoustic energy is converted to electrical energy. This is transmitted through the wires then converted back on the other end of the line.
when you want to talk to someone else there is a plug that disconnects you to whoever it is you wanted to call.

There is a wire running from your telephone to the closest street electrical box and it runs a wire all around the country to other electrical boxes and the sound is carried via electricity all the way to the person you are talking to.
its made with wires that travel the sound through them to the other side.

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answer #2

the basic ability to convert sound to electrical energy and the convert it back to audible sound is the basis for all telephony. Some telephones use a simple two wires, a microphone, a speaker at each end and that works. Modern phone systems convert the electrical signals into digital information which can then be transmitted via computer, cable, coax cable, micro wave, WiFI, cell technology, fiber optic cable, switched by computers to its destination and then converted back to audible sound.

To be simple it captures our sound vibrations through coils or plates and then converts the vibrations to electrical signal and then then amplifies it and then transfers to the another device where it is converted to voice signal in the reverse order. I does not matter weather the person is calling the satellites still work.
When you pick up the phone, the phone connects you with the network. When you dial a phone number, the number is sent to the provider requesting a connection with the subscriber with that number. The provider times your connection and bills it.

In most countries the network is digital, so your telephone behaves like a computer, sending and receiving audio in bits (zeroes and ones) instead of a continuous signal. When you take tens of those bits, you get a whole number, which defines the current audio sample. This last system is called PCM and it's used everywhere, not only on telephones. That how the telephone works.

When we're speaking mobile, it's basically the same thing except that now the signal is being transmitted over the air.
This is a huge question

You have transmision of sound by electricity

Electrical amplifacation of sound

Under sea and other types of transmision systems

Switching and computer based DATABASE

Billing and long distance tracking

International agreements for long distance etc

Changing electrical sound transmision to light for fiber optic cables.
sound sent through a sereis of wires and then coumputers tell the sound were to go
Telephones combine electricity and acoustics. Acoustics is a fancy Word for sound--any kind of sound, including your voice.Telephones have two basic parts. One is the handset, the piece of the phone that transmits and receives the sound. That's the piece for speaking into and listening. The second basic part is the base. Some telephones come with the handset separate from the base; others, including cordless models, have both the handset and the base (buttons) on one piece.Your telephone line is connected to your local company. Your local company knows who else in your community has telephones.