How much would it cost in today's dollars for a similar exploration in the 1500s?

Estimating the cost of a similar exploration in the 1500s in today’s dollars is complex, but it could range from several million to tens of millions, depending on the scale and duration of the expedition. Factors include shipbuilding, crew salaries, provisions, navigational equipment, and potential military protection. For example, Columbus’s 1492 expedition is thought to have cost around 1.14 million ducats, which could translate to about $10 million to $20 million today. Overall, the expense would reflect the logistical challenges and risks of maritime exploration during that era.