How do observation satellites collect data?

Observation satellites collect data using a variety of sensors, including optical cameras, radar systems, and infrared instruments. These sensors capture images and measurements of the Earth's surface, atmosphere, and oceans from space. The data is transmitted back to Earth for analysis, allowing for applications in weather forecasting, environmental monitoring, and urban planning. Additionally, some satellites utilize advanced technologies like multispectral and hyperspectral imaging to gather detailed information across different wavelengths.