What is the Columbian exchange historical context?

The Columbian Exchange refers to the widespread transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and culture between the Americas and the Old World (Europe, Africa, and Asia) following Christopher Columbus's voyages in the late 15th century. This exchange dramatically altered the agricultural practices, diets, and populations of both regions, introducing new crops like potatoes and maize to Europe and livestock like horses and cattle to the Americas. It also led to significant demographic shifts, particularly due to the spread of diseases such as smallpox, which devastated Indigenous populations in the Americas. Overall, the Columbian Exchange was a pivotal moment in global history, shaping economies, societies, and ecosystems worldwide.