When did Muhammad proclaim jihad?

Muhammad did not proclaim jihad as a singular event; rather, the concept evolved during his life, particularly during the early years of his prophethood in the 7th century. The term "jihad" broadly refers to striving or struggling in the way of God, which encompasses both personal spiritual efforts and, in some contexts, armed struggle. Key references to jihad can be found in the Quran and Hadith, especially during the battles faced by the early Muslim community, such as the Battle of Badr in 624 CE.