When was the end of the Indus River valley period and how did it end?

The Indus River Valley period, characterized by the flourishing of the Harappan civilization, is generally considered to have ended around 1900 BCE. The decline is attributed to a combination of factors, including climate change leading to drought, shifts in river patterns, and possibly social upheaval or invasions. These changes resulted in the gradual abandonment of urban centers and a decline in trade and agricultural productivity. Ultimately, the civilization fragmented into smaller, less organized communities.