What is proving dough?

Proving dough, also known as fermentation, is the process of allowing yeast in the dough to rise by producing carbon dioxide gas. This step enhances the dough's texture and flavor, making it lighter and airier. It typically involves resting the dough in a warm environment until it doubles in size, which can take anywhere from 30 minutes to several hours, depending on the recipe and conditions. Proper proving is essential for achieving the desired characteristics in baked goods like bread and rolls.