What was the most direct effect of the flooding and drought cycles in Africa?

The most direct effect of flooding and drought cycles in Africa is the disruption of agricultural productivity, which threatens food security for millions of people. These extreme weather patterns lead to crop failures, loss of livestock, and increased vulnerability to famine. Additionally, they exacerbate water scarcity, leading to competition for resources and heightened social tensions within communities. Overall, these cycles significantly impact livelihoods and economic stability across the continent.