When did powerful nation-states (Spain Portugal France England) emerge in Europe that would shift important trade routes to the Atlantic?

Powerful nation-states like Spain, Portugal, France, and England emerged in Europe during the late 15th and early 16th centuries, particularly following the Age of Exploration. The establishment of these nation-states was marked by key events such as Spain's unification under Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492 and Portugal's maritime explorations led by figures like Prince Henry the Navigator. This period coincided with significant shifts in trade routes as European powers sought direct access to Asia and the Americas, leading to the rise of Atlantic trade networks. Consequently, the Atlantic became a central arena for commerce, colonization, and cultural exchange.