By smaller states, we mean the US colonies that had less population than others at the time of the writing of the US Constitution (1787). Less-populous states feared that a legislature based on population would give them little influence. The alternative, with each state having the same number of delegates, would give relatively more power to the fewer citizens of the less populous states.
The compromise was one house of Congress (the Senate) having equal representation for each state, and the other (the House of Representatives) apportioned according to population.
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