How does caffeine make you feel more alert?

Caffeine enhances alertness by blocking adenosine, a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep and relaxation. When adenosine is inhibited, its calming effects are reduced, leading to increased neuronal activity and the release of other neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine. This results in improved mood, heightened focus, and increased energy levels, making you feel more awake and alert. Additionally, caffeine can improve reaction time and cognitive performance, further contributing to its stimulating effects.