What political system was used in the 1400?

In the 1400s, various political systems existed worldwide, but many regions were characterized by feudalism, particularly in Europe. This system involved a hierarchy of lords and vassals, where landownership was tied to loyalty and military service. Monarchies were predominant, with kings and queens wielding significant power, though the degree of centralization varied. Additionally, in parts of Asia and the Middle East, empires and city-states operated under different governance structures, such as the Ming Dynasty in China and the Ottoman Empire.