Why is testing for gene doping difficult?

Testing for gene doping is challenging because current methods primarily focus on detecting substances rather than genetic modifications. Gene doping involves altering an athlete's DNA to enhance performance, which may not produce detectable markers in blood or urine. Additionally, the techniques used to modify genes can vary widely, making it difficult to establish standardized testing protocols. Finally, the rapid advancement of genetic technologies complicates the development of effective tests to identify these modifications.