How did southern states attempt to limit the impact of constitutional amendments passed during the Reconstruction Era?

Southern states employed various strategies to limit the impact of Reconstruction-era constitutional amendments, particularly the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. They enacted Black Codes, which restricted the rights and freedoms of African Americans, and implemented literacy tests, poll taxes, and understanding clauses to disenfranchise Black voters. Additionally, they often used intimidation and violence through groups like the Ku Klux Klan to suppress Black political participation and maintain white supremacy. These measures effectively undermined the amendments' intended protections and perpetuated racial inequality.