What 2 things lead to impressionism?

Impressionism emerged in the late 19th century as a reaction against the formal constraints of academic painting, driven by the desire for artistic freedom and personal expression. Technological advancements, such as the invention of portable paint tubes and the development of synthetic pigments, allowed artists to paint outdoors (en plein air) and capture the fleeting effects of light and atmosphere. This shift in technique and perspective, along with the influence of earlier movements like Realism, paved the way for the Impressionist style.