How did empires relate to nation-states?

Empires and nation-states are both forms of political organization, but they differ in structure and identity. Empires typically encompass diverse cultures and territories under a centralized authority, often expanding through conquest or colonization. In contrast, nation-states are characterized by a defined territory, a permanent population, and a government that represents a specific national identity. The rise of nation-states often led to the decline of empires, as nationalist movements sought self-determination and autonomy from imperial rule.