What are the two ways that seasonal variation the altitude of the sun affects the amount of solar energy received at earth's surface?

Seasonal variation in the altitude of the sun affects solar energy received at Earth's surface primarily through changes in the angle of sunlight and the duration of daylight. When the sun is higher in the sky during summer months, sunlight strikes the surface more directly, resulting in greater energy concentration. Conversely, during winter, the sun is lower on the horizon, causing sunlight to spread over a larger area and reducing energy intensity. Additionally, longer daylight hours in summer increase the total amount of solar energy received compared to shorter days in winter.