When was crude oil first broken down into fractions?

Crude oil was first systematically broken down into fractions in the mid-19th century, with the development of the distillation process. The first commercial oil refinery was established in 1856 by Ignacy Łukasiewicz in Poland, where crude oil was distilled to produce kerosene. This marked the beginning of the fractional distillation of crude oil, leading to the separation of various petroleum products.