How do you calculate area of hysteresis loop?

The area of a hysteresis loop can be calculated by integrating the difference between the two curves representing the system's response (e.g., magnetic field vs. magnetization or stress vs. strain) over the range of interest. This is typically done using numerical methods if the curves are not defined by simple equations. The area represents the energy loss per cycle in the system, highlighting the inefficiency in cyclic processes. In practice, this can be achieved using techniques such as the trapezoidal rule or Simpson's rule for discrete data points.