How did pirates and privateers have a similar effect on the spanish monopoly?

Both pirates and privateers undermined the Spanish monopoly by attacking Spanish ships and colonies, disrupting trade and weakening Spain's economic power. While privateers operated under government commissions, legitimizing their actions, pirates acted independently, creating a constant threat to Spanish maritime interests. Together, their activities facilitated the rise of other colonial powers and encouraged smuggling and commerce outside of Spanish control, ultimately challenging Spain's dominance in the Americas.