What was the Political turmoil in England?

Political turmoil in England, particularly during the 17th century, was marked by conflicts such as the English Civil War (1642-1651), which pitted Parliamentarians against Royalists. This period saw the execution of King Charles I and the establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell. The Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 did not end unrest, as subsequent events like the Glorious Revolution of 1688 further shaped the political landscape, leading to constitutional monarchy and the rise of parliamentary power. These events reflected deeper societal conflicts over governance, religion, and authority.