During the Industrial Revolution, rapid industrialization led to the rise of factories and a significant working class that faced harsh working conditions, low wages, and long hours. This exploitation and inequality among workers and capitalists bolstered Marx's ideas about class struggle and the conflict between the bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proletariat (workers). Additionally, the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few highlighted the systemic inequalities that Marx believed would eventually lead to a revolutionary change in society. These conditions provided a real-world context for Marx’s critique of capitalism and his vision for a classless society.
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