Can a male dwarf gourami build a nest without floating plants?

Yes, a male dwarf gourami can build a nest without floating plants, but it's less common. They typically prefer to use floating vegetation, which provides structure and shelter for the bubble nest. However, if no plants are available, the male can still create a nest using bubbles alone, though it may be less stable and effective for attracting a female. Providing some form of cover or surface can still encourage nesting behavior.