A frameshift mutation occurs when nucleotides are added or deleted from the DNA sequence, causing a shift in the reading frame. For example, if we delete the first base 'C', the new sequence would be GT AT, which changes the entire downstream sequence and potentially alters the resulting protein. Alternatively, if we insert an 'A' at the beginning, the sequence would become ACGT AT, also shifting the reading frame and affecting the translation of the gene.
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