Name the important parts of a telephone and describe the function of each?

There are several types of telephones. If we limit our discussion to home phones you have what is called in the industry a Plain Old Telephone Set (POTS). This is a single line phone that has two wires that connect to your Telephone Company's Central Office. These wires are designated Tip and Ring after the old time switchboard based systems. When you go "Off Hook" on your POTS the line card at the Central Office puts dial tone on the wires connected to your telephone set. You then use the dial pad or old time rotary dial to input your desired number. The line card monitors your dialing and when it has enough digits it tries to connect you to that number through a potentially vast telephone network. When the call is completed the person you called is connected to the handset through amplifiers and you can talk and listen via the handset.