What are the components of a republic?

A republic is characterized by several key components: a system of government in which representatives are elected by the citizenry to make decisions on their behalf, the rule of law that applies equally to all individuals, and the separation of powers among different branches of government (typically executive, legislative, and judicial). Additionally, a constitution often outlines the rights of citizens and the framework for governance, ensuring that individual liberties are protected against the majority's whims. The involvement of citizens in the electoral process is also central to the functioning of a republic.