When spores seeds fungi and algae colonize an expanse of a rock sediment or sand that has been newly exposed to the atmosphere this is know as what?

This process is known as primary succession. It occurs when organisms like spores, seeds, fungi, and algae colonize bare substrates, such as newly exposed rock, sediment, or sand, initiating an ecosystem. Over time, these pioneering species contribute to soil formation and create conditions that allow for more complex plant and animal communities to develop.