How did the VOC create a monopoly of the world's spice trade?

The Dutch East India Company (VOC) established a monopoly over the spice trade by strategically controlling key trade routes and establishing fortified trading posts in critical locations such as the Indonesian archipelago. They employed military force to eliminate competition, including rival European powers and local traders, and engaged in direct agreements with local rulers to secure exclusive trading rights. Additionally, the VOC implemented a system of stringent regulation and surveillance over spice production and distribution, ensuring that they maintained dominance in the lucrative market. This combination of military, economic, and diplomatic strategies allowed the VOC to effectively monopolize the global spice trade during the 17th century.