Which European power ruled Haiti as a colony immediately prior to independence?

Haiti was ruled by France as a colony immediately prior to its independence. The French colonial administration established Saint-Domingue as a profitable sugar and coffee-producing colony. However, following a successful slave revolt led by figures like Toussaint Louverture, Haiti declared its independence on January 1, 1804, becoming the first independent nation in Latin America and the Caribbean, and the first post-colonial independent black-led nation in the world.