How do speed controllers work?

Speed controllers regulate the speed of electric motors by adjusting the amount of power supplied to the motor. They achieve this through techniques such as pulse-width modulation (PWM), which turns the power on and off rapidly to control the average voltage and current reaching the motor. This allows for precise speed adjustments while maintaining efficiency and reducing heat generation. Depending on the application, speed controllers can be analog or digital, providing different levels of control and feedback.