During William Howard Taft's presidency (1909-1913), significant legislation included the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909, which aimed to reduce tariffs but ultimately retained high rates, causing controversy within the Republican Party. The Mann-Elkins Act of 1910 strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission's regulatory powers over telecommunications and railroads. Additionally, Taft advocated for the 16th Amendment, which allowed for a federal income tax, and the 17th Amendment, which established the direct election of U.S. Senators.
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