What transformed agriculture in the second half of the 19th century?

The transformation of agriculture in the second half of the 19th century was largely driven by technological advancements, such as the introduction of mechanized equipment like the reaper and the threshing machine, which significantly increased productivity. Additionally, the expansion of railroads improved transportation, allowing farmers to access wider markets and reducing food spoilage. The rise of agricultural science and practices, including crop rotation and selective breeding, further enhanced yields. Together, these factors contributed to a more efficient and commercially viable agricultural sector.