What is an probable cause of two Mass extinctions?

Two probable causes of mass extinctions are volcanic activity and asteroid impacts. Massive volcanic eruptions can release large amounts of ash and gases, leading to climate changes and disrupting ecosystems. Similarly, asteroid impacts can cause immediate destruction and trigger long-term environmental shifts, such as blocking sunlight and altering temperatures, resulting in the collapse of food chains. Both phenomena have been linked to significant biodiversity loss in Earth's history.