What are the conventions of a spy novel?

Spy novels typically feature a protagonist who is an intelligence agent or a double agent, navigating a world of espionage, deception, and intrigue. Common conventions include high-stakes missions, intricate plots involving secret organizations, and themes of betrayal and loyalty. The setting often shifts between various global locations, and there is usually a blend of action, suspense, and psychological tension. Additionally, gadgets, codes, and covert operations are frequent elements that enhance the narrative's complexity.