How did Biafra and Katanga reflect the challenge to unity that the new African nations faced?

Biafra in Nigeria and Katanga in the Democratic Republic of the Congo exemplified the challenges of unity faced by newly independent African nations, as both regions experienced secessionist movements driven by ethnic, political, and economic grievances. In Biafra, the Igbo ethnic group sought independence due to marginalization and violence, leading to a devastating civil war. Similarly, Katanga's secession was fueled by regional autonomy desires and resource control amid political instability. These events highlighted the struggles of post-colonial states to forge national identities and cohesive governance in the face of deep-rooted divisions.