To formulate the gain matrix for a distillation column, start by identifying the key variables influencing the system, such as feed composition, reflux ratio, and product purity. Use modeling techniques, such as dynamic simulation or linearization, to establish the relationship between inputs and outputs. Analyze the system's transfer functions to determine the gains associated with each variable. Finally, compile these gains into a matrix format that reflects the interactions between the inputs and outputs of the column.
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