What are the four theories of arousal?

The four primary theories of arousal are the James-Lange Theory, Cannon-Bard Theory, Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory, and the Cognitive Appraisal Theory. The James-Lange Theory posits that physiological arousal precedes the emotional experience, while the Cannon-Bard Theory argues that emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously. The Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory suggests that arousal and cognitive interpretation together form the emotional experience. Lastly, the Cognitive Appraisal Theory emphasizes the role of individual evaluation of a situation in determining emotional responses.