What was a social cost associated with the development of the internal combustion engine used in most cars?

The development of the internal combustion engine led to increased air pollution and environmental degradation, significantly impacting public health. Urban areas experienced a rise in respiratory illnesses and other health issues due to exhaust emissions. Additionally, the growth of car-centric infrastructure contributed to urban sprawl, reducing community cohesion and increasing reliance on automobiles, which further exacerbated social isolation and economic disparities.