What are three ways that crashing waves can cause erosion?

Crashing waves can cause erosion through hydraulic action, where the force of the water compresses air in cracks and crevices, leading to rock fragmentation. Additionally, wave abrasion occurs as sand and debris carried by waves scrape against coastal surfaces, wearing them down. Finally, wave impact can dislodge loose materials, further contributing to shoreline erosion by washing away sediments and destabilizing coastal structures.