A experienced ear can usually identify the type of problem just by the sound.
To Narrow down the location try:- Shorting Each cylinder so it does not fire, if the knock goes away or substantially reduces for one you have narrowed you search to one cylinder.
- Use a mechanics stethoscope, this will localise the noise and lead you to valves, bottom end, piston or timing system
- If this is a Common Rail injected unit a computer scanner to shut off injectors will help.
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