Can a cracked non leaky concrete basement foundation wall be repaired from inside the basement and if so with what kind of materials?

It certainly can. The method, however, will depend on the exact type of foundation walls you have.

if the wall is made of poured concrete, there are two basic options.

The first is a polyeurethane injection method where you fill the entire crack (through to the outside of the wall) with a bonding agent that seals the crack. This works OK, but as the concrete expands and shrinks, it can fail. Also, other cracks obviously can appear.

A good solution I like is the FlexiSpan product from Basement Systems. It not not only seals the crack, but also has a "flexible" material that covers the crack. This material is designed for he above-mentioned problems. Additionally, if water should come through the crack - FlexiSpan is designed to correct the problem.

If the wall is made of concrete blocks, you have a bit more to think about.

The direction of the cracks typically indicates what the problem is. If the crack follows along the mortar joint... typically at the mid-point of the wall - this is a sign that it is being pushed inward.

For this situation, there are several options. The Wall Anchor system is by far the best as it not only can hold the wall in place, but has the option of pulling the wall back towards its original position.

Another solution is carbon-fibert strip. This material is epoxied to the wall and adds lateral stability.

Finally, if the cracks are breaking through the concrete blocks, this is a sign of settlement problems. Research the internet for solutions to this - as there are several. I'm preferential to the resistance push pier system... which stablizes the foundation from further settlement.