What external factors weekend the Mali empire?

The Mali Empire weakened due to several external factors, including the rise of competing powers such as the Songhai Empire, which overtook key territories and trade routes. Additionally, the arrival of European traders disrupted traditional trade networks, leading to economic decline. Internal strife, exacerbated by external pressures, further weakened the empire's cohesion and ability to respond to these challenges. The overall decline in trans-Saharan trade also contributed to its downfall.