What diseases are confused with multiple sclerosis?

Multiple sclerosis (MS) can be confused with several other conditions due to overlapping symptoms. These include neuromyelitis optica, which affects the optic nerves and spinal cord; Lyme disease, which can cause neurological symptoms; and various autoimmune disorders like lupus and Sjögren's syndrome. Additionally, vitamin deficiencies, such as B12 deficiency, and certain infections can mimic MS symptoms, complicating diagnosis. Accurate diagnosis often requires comprehensive testing and evaluation by a healthcare professional.