Why was doctrine of lapse was so unpopular with many Indians?

The Doctrine of Lapse was unpopular among many Indians because it allowed the British East India Company to annex states without direct heirs, undermining traditional rulers and displacing established dynasties. This policy incited fears of losing sovereignty and cultural identity, as it disregarded the legitimacy of Indian hereditary succession. Additionally, it was seen as an expansionist strategy that threatened the autonomy of Indian princely states, leading to widespread resentment and distrust towards British rule. The discontent contributed to the growing nationalist sentiments that eventually culminated in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.